Predicting continuous environmental variables from sparse spatial observations remains challenging because global machine learning models can capture nonlinear relationships but often have limited ability to adapt to local spatial heterogeneity, whereas existing similarity-based methods still rely mainly on weighted-average prediction. This study proposes Pattern Similarity Learning (PSL), which uses pattern similarity as a sp...

Mangrove forests in southern China’s Gaoqiao Mangrove National Nature Reserve (Guangdong–Guangxi border) have undergone significant decline followed by partial recovery, driven by human activities and conservation efforts. Traditional monitoring methods struggle to capture their complex spatiotemporal dynamics. This study develops a practical two-stage deep learning framework: an enhanced U-Net with Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE)...