The Jiangsu Coastal Thermal Front (JCF), a persistent feature in Chinese marginal seas, plays a significant role in modulating phytoplankton dynamics and carbon cycling. However, the multi-scale spatiotemporal variability of the persistent JCF and the underlying mechanisms driving its ecological effects remain limited. Using satellite observations and reanalysis data, this study systematically investigates the JCF’s distributi...

Global ocean warming continued unabated in 2025 in response to increased greenhouse gas concentrations and recent reductions in sulfate aerosols, reflecting the long-term accumulation of heat within the climate system, with conditions evolving toward La Niña during the year. In 2025, global upper 2000 m ocean heat content (OHC) increased by ∼23 ± 8 ZJ relative to 2024 according to IAP/CAS estimates. CIGAR-RT, and Copernicus Ma...