Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterised by severe degeneration of cholinergic neurons within the basal forebrain complex (FBC) which is a key regulator of cognitive function. Cholinergic loss represents a central pathological hallmark of AD; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Although various in-vitro models are available, many are limited by species-specific differences,...

The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) significantly influences global climate and interoceanic exchange. This review synthesizes recent findings on the Halmahera Sea’s role within the ITF, emphasizing its physical mechanisms, climatic modulation, and ecological consequences. Despite being a minor route, the Halmahera Sea transport volume is approximately 1.5 to 2.44 Sv, bringing water mass from the Southern Pacific Ocean. Seasonal...

Reference evapotranspiration (ET o ) is a crucial component in agro-meteorological processes, where accurate estimation is imperative for planning and managing irrigation practices. ET o and rice irrigation requirements were first estimated using FAO Penman–Monteith (FAO-PM56) and the water balance model, respectively, and the obtained results were used as reference values in the machine learning algorithms. Two machine learni...