Interleukin-33 (IL-33) regulates immune responses in central nervous system diseases. This study investigates the effect of IL-33 on astrocyte phenotypic transformation in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The associations of IL-33, soluble growth-stimulating expression gene 2 (sST2), with PD severity and clinical symptoms were examined. IL-33 supplementation and knockdown were applied in vivo and in vitro to assess IL-33’s impact on...

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening cerebrovascular disorder frequently accompanied by blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Endothelial apoptosis is a key contributor to BBB damage, leading to loss of barrier function, exacerbation of brain edema and inflammation, and a cascade of adverse outcomes. Previous studies have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from M2-polarized microglia are enriched...