Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly influencing chemical risk assessment, enabling faster, more comprehensive, and potentially more ethical assessments. The application of AI in chemical risk assessment refers to both generative and predictive algorithms encompassing machine learning, to analyse complex chemical, biological, and environmental data and provide insights into adverse effect potential for humans and ecosy...

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are commonly used in human drug discovery and development and human health risk assessment of environmental chemicals. One emerging application of PBPK models is to predict tissue residues and withdrawal times of drugs in food animals, which is important for human food safety assessment of animal-derived food products, such as meat, milk, and eggs. This review summarizes exis...

Evidence of pain perception in fish is well established, but analgesic use in aquaculture is limited. The objective was to investigate the comparative pharmacokinetics of flunixin administered intramuscularly (IM) and meloxicam administered IM or orally (PO) in tilapia. Two hundred and seventy fish were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: flunixin meglumine IM (2.2 mg/kg); meloxicam IM (1 mg/kg); or meloxicam PO (1 mg/kg). Bl...