In Makueni County, Kenya, smallholder farmers face erratic rainfall, severe droughts, recurrent floods, and water scarcity due to climate change. Understanding farmers’ aspirations is therefore essential to ensuring that support is relevant and responsive. This study explored: (1) farmers’ aspirations for farm composition, particularly fruit tree species, and potential changes in response to market and climate shifts; (2) gend...

Cocoa agroforestry systems are recognized for their potential to reconcile agricultural production with climate change mitigation, yet the mechanisms governing carbon storage across environmental gradients remain poorly understood. Here, we examined above- and belowground carbon stocks of cocoa and shade trees as well as soil organic carbon (SOC) in smallholder cocoa agroforestry systems across dry, intermediate (mid), and wet...