Scientific knowledge advances through the continuous accumulation of primary research. However, its true value emerges when individual findings are synthesized, integrated, and organized into coherent conceptual frameworks that not only advance scientific understanding but also support evidence-based decision-making and policy development. Review papers play a central role by consolidating scattered findings, identifying patte...

Purpose of Review The transit time of carbon quantifies the time that it takes carbon atoms to travel through an ecosystem, from fixation of atmospheric CO 2 via photosynthesis until loss of carbon, mostly via respiration by plants and microorganisms, but also by methane emissions, and by leaching as dissolved inorganic or organic matter. Transit times are relevant to predict the future behavior of carbon sinks and how they wo...

Purpose of Review Snow-related processes occur over a large range of spatial scales. Studying these processes therefore requires observation techniques with different spatial coverages, from short-range (up to several meters) to medium-range (several meters to several kilometers) and long-range (several kilometers to hundreds of kilometers). However, integration of observations with different coverages remains challenging beca...

Purpose of Review This review explores how European policy incentives, including grants, subsidies, and capacity-building programs, can support rural communities in their pursuit of sustainable economic growth and urgent adaptation to climate change. It intends to understand what policies work, where they fall short, and how these policies can be improved to build stronger and climate-resilient rural areas. Recent Findings A t...

Purpose of Review We review how ‘abrupt thaw’ has been used in published studies, compare these definitions to abrupt processes in other Earth science disciplines, and provide a definitive framework for how abrupt thaw should be used in the context of permafrost science. Recent Findings We address several aspects of permafrost systems necessary for abrupt thaw to occur and propose a framework for classifying permafrost process...

Purpose of Review Extratropical jets and associated storm tracks significantly influence weather and regional climate across various timescales. Understanding jet responses to climate change is essential for reliable regional climate projections. This review serves two main purposes: (1) to provide an accessible overview of extratropical jet dynamics and a comprehensive examination of current challenges and uncertainties in pr...

Purpose of Review This paper analyses the options to broaden the base of climate finance provided by countries in a mixed-methods review. It (1) reviews Non-Annex II countries’ commitments in international agreements, declarations, and agendas; (2) provides and applies a literature-based review of criteria to identify countries’ responsibilities and capabilities to provide finance; (3) reviews institutional affiliation; and (4...

Purpose of Review Following a multi-scalar analytical approach, this critical literature review explores the factors that determine adaptation finance accessibility and allocation with particular attention to how the needs of climate-vulnerable communities are considered. Recent Findings Our review reveals that climate vulnerability is not a primary determinant in the accessibility and allocation of climate adaptation finance...

Purpose of Review Recent focus on loss and damage within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) follows decades of demands by vulnerable countries for compensation for losses due to climate change. Reviewing recent literature on loss and damage finance, we consider how the new UNFCCC Loss and Damage Fund could be transformative for climate finance. Recent Findings This article reviews developments w...

Purpose of Review Terrestrial ecosystems in the Arctic-Boreal region play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle as a carbon sink. However, rapid warming in this region induces uncertainties regarding the future net carbon exchange between land and the atmosphere, highlighting the need for better monitoring of the carbon fluxes. Solar-Induced chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF), a good proxy for vegetation CO $$^{2}$$ 2 uptake,...

Purpose Eastern Africa has a complex hydroclimate and socio-economic context, making it vulnerable to climate change-induced hydrological extremes. This review presents recent research on drivers and typologies of extremes across different geographies and highlights challenges and improvements in forecasting hydrological extremes at various timescales. Recent Findings Droughts and floods remain the major challenges of the regi...

Purpose of Review While previously thought to be negligible, carbon emissions during the non-growing season (NGS) can be a substantial part of the annual carbon budget in the Arctic boreal zone (ABZ), which can shift the carbon balance of these ecosystems from a long-held annual carbon sink towards a net annual carbon source. The purpose of this review is to summarize NGS carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) flux research in the ABZ that ha...

Purpose of Review This review explores how more transformative climate policies are emerging arguing that such policies require decision-makers to move beyond the dominant, narrow technocratic lens that I call climate isolationism. Recent Findings Climate isolationism refers to the common framing of climate change as an isolated, discrete, scientific problem in need of technological solutions. Stemming from dominant assumption...