Wildfires in the boreal forest of North America are generally stand renewing, with the initial phase of recovery often governing the vegetation trajectory for decades. Here, we investigated post-fire vegetation changes in dry boreal forests of the Northwest Territories, Canada, during the first 5 years following the unusually severe 2014 wildfire season. We sampled post-fire tree regeneration and the understory plant community...

Mutations can occur throughout the virus genome and may be beneficial, neutral or deleterious. We are interested in mutations that yield a C next to a G, producing CpG sites. CpG sites are rare in eukaryotic and viral genomes. For the eukaryotes, it is thought that CpG sites are rare because they are prone to mutation when methylated. In viruses, we know less about why CpG sites are rare. A previous study in HIV suggested that...