Danaid butterflies (Nymphalidae: Danainae) in Asia form seasonal aggregations and/or exhibit migratory flights similar to those of the North American monarch ( Danaus plexippus ). In contrast to this well-studied single-species system, however, Asian danaids form smaller multi-species aggregations and show seasonal movements which remain relatively understudied. In this study, we used publicly reportable stickers to tag 15,918...

Most mutualisms are parasitized by third‐party species that inflict costs to the mutualists. How such parasites affect mechanisms that help maintain mutualism stability is poorly understood, even in well‐studied systems. Angiosperm plants tend to invest most resources in tissue that yields high net benefits. In mutualisms with plant hosts, reduction in such investment can function as a key stability‐promoting mechanism, such a...