This study develops and experimentally validates a battery-coupled wind–photovoltaic power model for auxiliary electrical supply in small-vessel systems. The prototype integrates a 395 W CS6R-395MS monocrystalline photovoltaic module (CSI Solar Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China), a 200 W FA200W horizontal-axis wind turbine (VEVOR, Rancho Cucamonga, CA, USA), maximum power point tracking (MPPT) power-conditioning stages, a 24 V...

This study evaluates operational decarbonisation options for container vessels operating under the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) and FuelEU Maritime. This study analyses a 5000 TEU post-Panamax container vessel on the Rotterdam–Limassol route under nine operational scenarios combining three operating speeds (24, 21, and 19 kn) with three fuel configurations (HFO, MGO, and a B30 biofuel blend). The assessment...