Background Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is commonly attributed to immune dysregulation at the maternal–fetal interface. The contribution of the spleen, as a peripheral immune organ, remains unclear. This study investigated spleen-associated immune alterations in a murine model of RSA. Methods An RSA model was established by mating CBA/J females with DBA/2 males. Splenic and decidual immune-cell distributions were asses...

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) affects multiple fields, including medicine, pharmacy, food safety, and animal husbandry, and poses a major threat to public health and economic development. Staphylococcus aureus has emerged as one of the most critical bacterial pathogens due to its widespread prevalence and significant genetic plasticity. This review outlines currently approved small-molecule drugs for clinical use and their me...