Storm surge current-time estimations are strongly influenced by recent water-level conditions, while the temporal dependence among samples from the same typhoon event can complicate the assessment of model generalization to unseen events. This study evaluated storm surge estimation at the Lianyungang tide gauge using 2168 samples from 28 typhoon events during 2002–2024. A 41-feature extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model in...

To comprehensively explore the characteristics of global SST anomalies, a novel time–frequency combination method, based on the COBE data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis products in the past 100 years, was developed. From the view of the time domain, the global SST generally showed an upward trend from 1920 to 2019, the upward trend was significant after 1988, and the growth mutation occurred in 1930, according to the Mann–Kendall (M...

The time-frequency domain analysis of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical western Indian Ocean was conducted using wavelet analysis, cross wavelet transform (XWT), the Mann–Kendall (MK) test, and other methods based on COBE-SST data for the last 50 years (1974–2020). From the perspective of time-frequency combination, examining the data of precipitation, sea surface heat flux, total cloud cover, and long-wave rad...