Rocky reefs may shift between two distinct stable states: productive algal forests, characterised by high abundance and biodiversity of macrofauna, and impoverished barrens, dominated by overgrazing sea urchins. Barren states may persist despite the recovery of adult sea urchin predators, suggesting additional stabilising mechanisms. Sea urchin settlers equally colonise forests and barrens in large numbers, but in forests only...

Purpose Aerobic exercise capacity is reduced in patients with chronic kidney disease, partly due to alterations at the muscular and microvascular level. This study evaluated oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) kinetics as indicator of muscular oxidative metabolism in a population of Kidney Transplant Recipients (KTRs). Methods Two groups of KTRs enrolled 3 ( n = 21) and 12 months ( n = 14) after transplantation and a control group of health...