Introduction Suspended particulate matter (SPM) is a critical indicator of water quality and has a significant impact on the nearshore ecological environment. Consequently, the quantitative evaluation of SPM concentrations is essential for managing nearshore environments and planning marine resources. Methods This study utilized Sentinel-2’s single band and water index variables to develop a remote sensing inversion model for...

Larmichthys crocea (L. crocea) is an economically important fish species mainly distributed off the coast of China. In this study, 11 L. crocea samples of different body lengths were collected from aquaculture cages in the East China Sea to measure the acoustic target strength (TS). Using the Kirchhoff-Ray mode (KRM) model, the directional TS of L. crocea was measured at frequencies of 70 kHz, 120 kHz, and 200 kHz. Furthermore...