Genetic diversity is vital for population survival, yet there is a paucity of studies focusing on the effectiveness of establishing protected areas for maintaining the population genetic diversity of threatened plant species. To evaluate the effectiveness of in situ conservation measures, we used simple sequence repeats (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers to monitor temporal dynamics in genetic diversity of...

The Sulu Sea has active internal tides (ITs) and basin-scale circulation. This study, for the first time, employs three-dimensional simulations to investigate the effects of the Sulu Sea circulation on IT generation and propagation. Results reveal that the cyclonic circulation can enhance the semi-diurnal and diurnal IT energy conversion in the Sulu Archipelago by approximately 17% and 77%, respectively, compared to those with...

A basic feature of El Niño is an abnormal increase in the surface temperature of the equatorial Pacific Ocean, which can throw ocean–atmosphere interactions out of balance, resulting in heavy rainfall and severe storms. This climate anomaly causes different levels of impacts worldwide, such as causing droughts in some regions and excessive rainfall in others. Therefore, it is important to determine the formation of El Niño by...