Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) play a vital role in marine exploration and environmental monitoring. However, due to the characteristics of underwater acoustic channels such as high delay, low bandwidth, and energy limitation, the design of an underwater media access control (MAC) protocol has brought great challenges, and existing MAC protocol designs rarely consider the influence of channel interference factors in networ...

Trophic cascades are important determinants of food web dynamics and functioning, yet mechanisms accounting for variation in trophic cascade strength remain elusive. Here, we used food chain models and a mesocosm experiment (phytoplankton–zooplankton–shrimp) to disentangle the relative importance of two energetic processes driving trophic cascades: primary productivity and energy transfer efficiency. Food chain models predicte...