Based on observational and reanalysis datasets, this study examines the relationship between the tropical Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) that matures in boreal autumn and the subsequent Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole (SIOD) that occurs in the following boreal winter, as well as its interdecadal variability over 1960–2024. Results suggest that a significant correlation between IOD and SIOD only exists in 1979–2005. During this stro...

Subseasonal predictions from 2 weeks to 2 months have made significant advancements over the past decade, driven by progress in physical understanding, climate modeling, computational capabilities, and artificial intelligence (AI). These predictions are increasingly in demand due to their potential to provide stakeholders with adequate lead time for effective disaster adaptation, mitigation, and resource management. However, t...

Rapid depressurization and warming during recovery can trigger stress in deep-sea microbes and accelerate RNA degradation. We developed a remotely operated vehicle (ROV)-oriented multi-sequence microbial sampler for 2000 m sampling (20 MPa, 2 °C) that integrates in situ filtration with immediate RNAlater injection (an RNA stabilization reagent), collecting up to 12 samples per dive. A Dirichlet sampling–B-spline–SVM framework...