Mutualism is thought to face a threat of coextinction cascade because the loss of a member species could lead to the extinction of the other member. Despite this common emphasis on the perils of such knock‐on effect, hitherto, the evolutionary causes leading to extinction have been less emphasised. Here, we examine how extinction could be triggered in mutualism and whether an evolutionary response to partner loss could prevent...

Endocrine secretory granules (ESGs) are morphological characteristics of endocrine/neuroendocrine cells and store peptide hormones/neurotransmitters. ESGs contain prohormones and ESG-related molecules, mainly chromogranin/secretogranin family proteins. However, the precise mechanism of ESG formation has not been elucidated. In this study, we experimentally induced ESGs in the non-neuroendocrine lung cancer cell line H1299. Sin...

Most behavioral studies on hermaphroditic fishes have focused on small‐sized species, which are tractable for research. Although many species of large hermaphroditic fishes are important fishery resources, their proximate mechanisms (visual, chemical and/or behavioral cues) in the social regulation of sex change have not been determined. Determination of these would inform resource management and aquaculture. In order to get c...