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Aotearoa New Zealand’s marine carbon cycle in a changing climate – Current understanding and future directionsNARA Subscribed
The marine system plays a critical role in the global climate cycle, as a major control of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Marine primary production (photosynthesis) and remineralisation of organic carbon (respiration, degradation) determine the amount of CO 2 sequestered in marine sediments and deep‐water environments on century to millennial timescales. The stocks and fluxes of the marine carbon cycle are susceptible to...
Global climate is regulated by the ocean, which stores, releases, and transports large amounts of mass, heat, carbon, and oxygen. Understanding, monitoring, and predicting the exchanges of these quantities across the ocean’s surface, their interactions with the atmosphere, and their horizontal and vertical pathways through the global oceans, are key for advancing fundamental knowledge and improving forecasts and longer-term pr...
Carbon injection potential of the mesopelagic-migrant pump in the Southern Ocean during summerOA Marine
The passive sinking flux of particles, termed the biological gravitational pump (BGP), is an important component of the ocean’s biological carbon pump. In addition, carbon-rich particles are actively injected to depth through the diel vertical migration (DVM) of micronekton and mesozooplankton from the surface to the oceans’ twilight zone (200 m – 1000 m depth). This is known as the mesopelagic-migrant pump (MMP). We investiga...
The ocean is the main heat reservoir in Earth’s climate system, absorbing most of the top-of-the-atmosphere excess radiation. As the climate warms, anomalously warm and fresh ocean waters in the densest layers formed near Antarctica spread northward through the abyssal ocean, while successions of warming and cooling events are seen in the deep-ocean layers formed near Greenland. The abyssal warming and freshening expands the o...
Five species of sea turtles are known to occur in New Zealand waters, with the leatherback turtle ( Dermochelys coriacea ) being the most frequently reported. In New Zealand all sea turtles are protected, but there are currently no fisheries bycatch mitigation measures. We describe fishery captures of leatherbacks from Ministry observer and fisher self-reported data. A generalized additive model (GAM) was then used to evaluate...
Prolonging survival in good health is a fundamental societal goal. However, the leading determinants of disability-free survival in healthy older people have not been well established. Data from ASPREE, a bi-national placebo-controlled trial of aspirin with 4.7 years median follow-up, was analysed. At enrolment, participants were healthy and without prior cardiovascular events, dementia or persistent physical disability. Disab...
Synergistic effects of harvest and climate drive synchronous somatic growth within key New Zealand fisheriesNARA Subscribed
Fisheries harvest has pervasive impacts on wild fish populations, including the truncation of size and age structures, altered population dynamics and density, and modified habitat and assemblage composition. Understanding the degree to which harvest‐induced impacts increase the sensitivity of individuals, populations and ultimately species to environmental change is essential to ensuring sustainable fisheries management in a...
Relationships between long‐term ocean warming, marine heat waves and primary production in the New Zealand regionNARA Subscribed
We test the paradigm that in a future warmer ocean, shallower winter mixing will lead to less net primary production (NPP), by investigating whether warming between 2002 and 2018 led to changes in NPP in the Tasman Sea/New Zealand region. The 2002–18 trend in sea surface temperature (SST) was positive over most of the region, and was driven by increasingly warmer summers and marine heat waves (MHWs) rather than year‐round warm...
Ocean temperature changes around New Zealand are estimated from satellite sea surface temperature (SST) products since 1981, two high resolution expendable bathythermograph transects (HRXBT) since 1986 and 1991, and Argo data since 2006. The datasets agree well where they overlap. Significant surface warming is found in subtropical waters. Greatest warming is east of Australia and in the central Pacific. All NZ coastal waters...
Drifter‐ and float‐derived mean circulation at the surface and 1000 m in the New Zealand regionNARA Subscribed
Global Drifter Program (GDP) drifter data and Argo float data from 2006 to 2013 are used to provide quantitative description and comparison of the mean near‐surface (15 m) and 1000 m velocity fields in the New Zealand region. These fields are estimated both from bin‐averaging the drifter/float velocities and by fitting non‐divergent streamfunctions to the velocities. At both levels, our velocity fields are broadly consistent w...
We review the advances in ‘blue water’ physical oceanography of the seas around New Zealand since the last major review in 1985. By 1985, a basic description had been made of the circulation around New Zealand. Since then, dramatic increases in data from satellites, hydrographic cruises, surface drifters and profiling floats have improved knowledge on the locations, strengths and variability of the currents, water masses and f...
Internal waves downstream of Norfolk Ridge, western Pacific, and their biophysical implicationsNARA Subscribed
An 11‐d quasi‐Lagrangian surface layer experiment to the east of Norfolk Island tracked a 140‐m‐deep drifting vertical array (DVA) of instruments, including conductivity sensors, thermistors, and current meters. These are the first in situ data from the area to measure large‐amplitude internal waves. The observations show isotherm peak‐to‐peak excursions reaching 50 m and were dominated by the semidiurnal forcing frequency. Th...
Deep‐sea fishes have been poorly sampled globally, and overall knowledge of demersal fish distributions and the drivers of community composition and diversity remain limited. Here, we used nine comparable datasets with species‐level identification of fishes from research surveys around the world to test the hypothesis that deep‐sea demersal fish assemblage composition on seamounts is consistent between major oceans. Two levels...
Observations of tidal flows in Te Aumiti (French Pass), the fastest such flows in New Zealand, were conducted in 2006 using a vessel‐mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), pressure sensors, a current meter mooring, drifters, and microwave radar. The suite of measurements revealed spring tide currents exceeding 4 m s ‐1 , but only in the throat of the pass. The pressure sensors either side of the pass indicated a pha...
Focusing of phytodetritus deposition beneath a deep‐ocean front, Chatham Rise, New ZealandNARA Subscribed
In October 2001, we observed a deep‐ocean phytodetritus deposition event on Chatham Rise beneath the Subtropical Front (STF). The origin of this phytodetritus was probably an extensive phytoplankton bloom that occurred in the STF in the preceding weeks. We assessed the spatial distribution of the deposition event using video images from benthic lander and epibenthic trawl deployments and sediment pigment analyses at six sites...
Links between climate and recruitment of New Zealand hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) now unclearNARA Subscribed
We investigated the relationship between climate variation and year‐class strengths for hoki ( Macruronus novaezelandiae ) in New Zealand waters. Our analyses extended those of a previous study, by using an additional 6 years’ data and considering some additional predictands (total year‐class strength and proportion migrating) relating to an alternative stock‐structure hypothesis, and also updated them, by using revised versio...
Decadal temperature changes in the Tasman SeaNARA Subscribed
Ocean temperature changes between 1991 and 2005 in the eastern Tasman Sea were analysed. This area was chosen because of a combination of data availability, low mesoscale variability and because of its importance in determining the climate of the downwind New Zealand landmass. A large warming extending to the full depth of the water column (c. 800 m) was found to have occurred between 1996 and 2002. This warming was seen in me...
The Southland Current: A subantarctic currentNARA Subscribed
The Southland Current is a northward flow of water along the south‐east coast of New Zealand. This current has been studied many times since the early 1960s, with particular emphasis on an associated narrow coastal band of warm, salty water of subtropical origin, separated from offshore cold, fresh Subantarctic Water (SAW) by the Southland Front. Previous works on the Southland Current state that it advects modified warm, salt...
Velocity measurements in the East Auckland Current north‐east of North Cape, New ZealandNARA Subscribed
Flow in the East Auckland Current (EAUC) system to the north‐east of North Cape, New Zealand is examined using data from two current meter mooring arrays, with supporting data from conductivity/temperature/depth (CTD) and satellite altimetry. Variable currents up to 45 cm s –1 were observed. The variability was partly attributable to changes in position and strength of the North Cape Eddy whose centre lies some 150 km offshore...