As the world's population grows, aquaculture is becoming a rapidly growing source of protein. Grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) is one of the most important aquacultured species in China and has emerged as a significant commercial fish worldwide. However, grass carp reovirus (GCRV) poses a significant threat to grass carp aquaculture. This review covers GCRV biology, phylogeny, pathogenesis, immune response pathways, ther...

Marine protected areas worldwide often exhibit uneven conservation outcomes, largely due to differences in governance effectiveness and management implementation. As a large-scale spatial conservation policy, Marine Ecological Red Lines (MERLs) have been widely implemented in China to regulate human activities and safeguard critical marine ecosystems. However, their protection effectiveness remains insufficiently evaluated usi...