Partial denitrification granules (PDG) offer a novel approach to supplying nitrite (NO 2 − ) for anammox. Shear stress (τ) induced by mechanical stirring has been recognized as an effective operational strategy for enhancing mass transfer in continuous-flow PDG systems with minimal gas production. However, the effects of shear stress intensity on nitrite (NO 2 − ) accumulation, granular structure, and microbial succession rema...

Wing–diesel hybrid ships are a practical approach to sustainable maritime transport that harnesses wind energy to supplement diesel propulsion and reduce carbon emissions. The core optimization problem addressed in this study is the global energy efficiency optimization of path planning and propulsion system cooperative control for wing–diesel hybrid ships under two typical sail operation statuses (sail-deployed and sail-stowe...