Low-level water vapor is a key factor in initiating and intensifying convective activity during summer over the Korean Peninsula. However, monitoring and tracking low-level water vapor remains challenging due to sparse observations over the ocean and the coarse spatial and temporal resolutions of existing observational datasets. This study aims to retrieve boundary layer precipitable water (BPW) using three infrared window cha...

Climate‐driven changes in extreme precipitation and floods severely impact societies and ecosystems, yet regional spatial and temporal nuances remain poorly understood, including in the Hawaiian Islands. This study utilised stationary and non‐stationary Generalised Extreme Value (GEV) distributions, annual maximum series (AMS), and circular analysis to examine extreme hourly rainfall across 117 gauges on the five most populate...