To support the “dual-carbon” strategy and develop a carbon-sink-oriented coastal spatial planning framework, this study applies the coupled InVEST–PLUS model to Qingdao using 30 m resolution land-use data. Six spatial drivers (DEM, slope, GDP, population, road, and water proximity) are used to simulate land-use change and evaluate its impact on carbon storage. Model validation results indicate that the PLUS model shows good pe...