Sea transportation such as that by container ships has an essential role in the economy both locally and internationally. Ships are a major commodity in distributing goods over long distances due to their relatively low price compared to air shipping. The study implemented an optimization method using heuristic algorithms with ship route selection to minimize operational costs based on the parameters of mileage between 12 port...

Downy mildew is a serious threat to corn (maize) production in the tropics and subtropics. Corn is native to Central America, and was introduced into South-East Asia by the Spanish colonisers in the 1700s. Corn is evolutionarily naïve to downy mildews of the genus Peronosclerospora . Consequently, corn monocultures are particularly susceptible to a variety of Peronosclerospora species, which spread to the crop from local grass...