The classic East Asia–Eastern North America (EA‐ENA) disjunction, well‐documented in temperate plants, is typically attributed to the fragmentation of once‐continuous high‐latitude ranges by climatic cooling and regional extinction. Whether this model extends to insects, particularly aquatic groups, remains largely untested with genomic data. Here, we integrate whole‐genome sequencing, ddRAD‐seq and morphology with phylogeneti...

The peridynamic (PD) method has been widely utilized in the numerical modelling of ice–structure interactions due to its capability to naturally capture material failure and fracture evolution. PD formulations can be categorized into bond-based and state-based models. While the bond-based model offers computational simplicity, it inherently restricts Poisson’s ratio to 1/4 in three-dimensional (3D) simulations and 1/3 in two-d...