Understanding how surface climate variables interact directionally remains challenging, particularly in complex terrain environments where nonlinear dynamics, terrain heterogeneity, and seasonal regime shifts limit the applicability of conventional correlation‐based analyses. This study develops a multivariate, cross‐station Transfer Entropy (TE) framework to diagnose directional climate interactions among wind speed, temperat...

Marine ecosystems play an increasingly critical role in both global climate regulation and the impacts of anthropogenic activities. Accurate marine biogeochemical numerical models are essential tools for understanding and predicting the complex dynamics of these systems. However, as model complexity increases, so does the number of biological parameters and the uncertainties associated with them, which can substantially affect...

Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) plays a vital role in assessing environmental health and understanding the response of marine ecosystems to physical factors and climate change. In situ sampling, remote sensing, and moored buoys or floats are commonly employed methods for obtaining Chl-a in marine science research. Although in situ sampling, buoys, and floats could provide accurate data, they are limited by the spatial and temporal resol...