Purpose Periorbital dark circles and edema are frequent cosmetic concerns that contribute to an older and fatigued appearance, thereby diminishing self-esteem and overall quality of life. Conventional topical regimens are often limited by the low stability, poor aqueous solubility, and insufficient epidermal penetration of many active compounds. To address these problems, we developed and characterized nanoemulgel (NEG) formul...

The critical thermal maximum ( CT max ) of bull trout ( Salvelinus confluentus ) alevin was measured after 3 weeks of acclimation to 4–21°C. CT max increased from 24.3 at 4°C to 26.7 at 9°C, plateaued between 9 and 12°C (26.9°C), and declined to 25.9°C at 15°C. Acclimation mortality increased above 12°C, reaching 53.7% at 15°C, and no fish survived at 18–21°C. Condition factor declined at ≥12°C. Results indicate bull trout ale...