Introduction The distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) plays a crucial role in the function of the hoof and digit. Dislocations and subluxations in this region are rare and primarily of traumatic origin. Case Report This case report aims to describe two unusual cases of open DIPJ dislocation, including clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, treatment, and long-term follow-up. Both animals presented with open traumatic distal...

Okadaic acid (OA) is a lipophilic phycotoxin that causes acute diarrhoea when ingested. OA is an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2 A, but the mechanism of toxicity behind the diarrhoea remains unclear. OA modulated inflammatory markers in epithelial cells, however, the effect on endothelial cells, with a key role in the inflammatory cascade, has not been previously addressed. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to test...